Laws & Ethics

1. What are the 5 freedoms of the 1st amendment?

Freedom of

Speech
Religion
Press
Assembly
Petition

2. What is the Tinker Standard?
Tinker vs. Des Moines School District (1969)
Black armbands in 1965.

Student speech cannot be censored as long as it does not "materially disrupt class work or involve substantial disorder or invasion of the right of others."

3. What is the Frasier Standard?
Bethel School District vs. Fraser (1986)
Inappropriate speech for class president.

Because school officials have an "interest in teaching students the boundaries of socially appropriate behavior," they can censor student speech that is vulgar or indecent, even if it does not cause a "material or substantial disruption."

4. What is the Hazelwood Standard?
Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Censor stories in student newspaper about teen pregnancy and divorce.
Cencorship of school-sponsored student expression is permissible when school officials can show that it is "reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns."

5. What is the Frederick Standard?
Morse vs Frederick (June 25, 2007)

January 2002, Olympic torch travels through town.
Principal Morse cancels school.
Senior Frederick unveils banner on the sidewalk across street which reads "Bong Hits 4 Jesus."
Suspended for 10 days.
Due to it being a school activity, supreme court ruled the school was correct.

6. What is the definition of libel?
Libel is print, slander is spoken.

A defamatory statement. published to at least one other person (other than plantiff). made with fault. That is a false statement of fact (opinions are not libel).

1. Defames someones character
2. Published
3. False statement